Effects of dietary fiber on growth performance, fecal ammonia nitrogen,
Abstract
The present study was conducted with starter chickens (1 to 21 days of age) to investigate the effects of dietary fiber on growth performance, fecal ammonia nitrogen, and gastrointestinal tract pH. A total of 420 one-day-old Ross 308 chicks were divided into five groups with seven replicates of twelve chicks each. The experimental diets, which contained different sources and levels of fiber, were as follows: none (control); 2.5% rice hulls (2.5% RH); 2.5% soybean hulls (2.5% SH); 5.0% rice hulls (5.0% RH), and 5.0% soybean hulls (5.0% SH). All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Chickens were placed in cage under continuous lighting, and had ad libitum access to diet and water from 1 to 21 days. The body weight gain of broilers in the control, 2.5% RH, 5.0% RH, and 5.0% SH groups were significantly higher than those of the 2.5% SH group (p < 0.05). Fecal ammonia nitrogen of broilers decreased in the 2.5% RH and 5.0% SH groups (p < 0.01). Fiber inclusion reduced gizzard pH (p < 0.05) but did not alter duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that the inclusion of different fiber sources in the diet of young broilers improves gizzard pH, resulting in decreased levels of fecal ammonia nitrogen.References
AOAC. (2000). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Method of Analysis. 17th eds. Gaithersburg.
Canh, T.T., Verstegen, M.W.A., Aarnink, A.J.A., & Schrama, J.W. (1997). Influence of dietary factors on nitrogen partitioning and composition of urine and feces of fattening pigs. Journal of Animal Science 75(3), 700-706.
Duke, G.E. (1986). Alimentary canal: Secretion and digestion, special digestive functions, and absorption. New York: Springer.
Ferket, P.R., Heugten, E.V., Van Kempen, T.A.T.G., & Angel, R. (2002). Nutritional strategies to reduce environmental emissions from nonruminants. Journal of Animal Science 80(2), E168-E182.
González-Alvarado, J.M., Jiménez-Moreno, E., González-Sánchez, D., Lázaro, R., & Mateos, G.G. (2010). Effect of inclusion of oat hulls and sugar beet pulp in the diet on productive performance and digestive traits of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. Animal Feed Science and Technology 162(1-2), 37-46.
González-Alvarado, J.M., Jiménez-Moreno, E., Lázaro, R., & Mateos, G.G. (2007). Effect of type of cereal, heat processing of the cereal, and inclusion of fiber in the diet on productive performance and digestive traits of broilers. Poultry Science 86(8), 1705-1715.
González-Alvarado, J.M., Jiménez-Moreno, E., Valencia, D.G., Lázaro, R., & Mateos, G.G. (2008). Effects of fiber source and heat processing of the cereal on the development and pH of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers fed diets based on corn or rice. Poultry Science 87(9), 1779-1795.
Hetland, H., & Svihus, B. (2001). Effect of oat hulls on performance, gut capacity and feed passage time in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 42(3), 354-361.
Hetland, H., Svihus, B., & Choct, M. (2005). Role of insoluble fiber on gizzard activity in layers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 14(1), 38-46.
Hetland, H., Svihus, B., & Krogdahl, A. (2003). Effects of oat hulls and wood shavings on digestion in broilers and layers fed diets based on whole or ground wheat. British Poultry Science 44(2), 275-282.
Janssen, W.M.M.A., & Carré, B. (1985). Influence of fiber on digestibility of poultry feeds. In Haresign, W., & Cole, D.J.A. (Eds.), Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition (pp. 71-88). London, UK: Butterworths.
Jha, R., & Berrocoso, J.F. (2016). Dietary fiber and protein fermentation in the intestine of swine and their interactive effects on gut health and on the environment: A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 212, 18-26.
Jiménez-Moreno, E., González-Alvarado, J.M., de Coca-Sinova, A., Lázaro, R., & Mateos, G.G. (2009). Effects of source of fibre on the development and pH of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology 154(1-2), 93-101.
Jiménez-Moreno, E., González-Alvarado, J.M., González-Sánchez, D., Lázaro, R., & Mateos, G.G. (2010). Effects of type and particle size of dietary fiber on growth performance and digestive traits of broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. Poultry Science 89(10), 2197-2212.
Jiménez-Moreno, E., González-Alvarado, J.M., González-Serrano, A., Lázaro, R., & Mateos, G.G. (2009). Effect of dietary fiber and fat on performance and digestive traits of broilers from one to twenty-one days of age. Poultry Science 88(12), 2562-2574.
Kirchgessner, M., Kreuzer, M., Machmüller, A., & Roth-Maier, D.A. (1994). Evidence for a high efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis in the digestive tract of adult sows fed supplements of fibrous feedstuffs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 46(3-4), 293-306.
Li, H., Xin, H., & Burns, R.T. (2006). Reduction of ammonia emission from stored poultry manure using additives: Zeolite, Al+ clear, Ferix-3 and PLT. In: Proceedings of the 2006 ASAE Annual Meeting (p. 1). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
Longo, F.A., Menten, J.F.M., Pedroso, A.A., Figueiredo, A.N., Racanicci, A.M.C., & Sorbara, J.O.B. (2007). Performance and carcass composition of broilers fed different carbohydrate and protein sources in the prestarter phase. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 16(2), 171-177.
Mateos, G.G., Lázaro, R., & Gracia, M.I. (2002). The feasibility of using nutritional modifications to replace drugs in poultry feeds. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 11(4), 437-452.
Montagne, L., Pluske, J.R., & Hampson, D.J. (2003). A review of interactions between dietary fibre and the intestinal mucosa, and their consequences on digestive health in young non-ruminant animals. Animal Feed Science and Technology 108(1-4), 95-117.
NRC. (1994). National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th eds. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
Praes, M.F.F.M., Junqueira, O.M., Pereira, A.A., Filardi, R.S., Duarte, K.F., Sgavioli, S., Alva, J.C.R. & Domingues, C.H.F. (2014). High-fiber diets with reduced crude protein for commercial layers. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola 16(2), 43-49.
Roberts, S.A., Xin, H., Kerr, B.J., Russell, J.R., & Bregendahl, K. (2007). Effects of dietary fiber and reduced crude protein on ammonia emission from laying-hen manure. Poultry Science 86(8), 1625-1632.
Rougière, N., & Carré, B. (2010). Comparison of gastrointestinal transit times between chickens from D+ and D− genetic lines selected for divergent digestion efficiency. Animal 4(11), 1861-1872.
Saki, A.A., Matin, H.H., Zamani, P., Tabatabai, M.M., & Vatanchian, M. (2011). Various ratios of pectin to cellulose affect intestinal morphology, DNA quantitation, and performance of broiler chickens. Livestock Science 139(3), 237-244.
Shakouri, M.D., Kermanshahi, H., & Mohsenzadeh, M. (2006). Effect of different non starch polysaccharides in semi purified diets on performance and intestinal microflora of young broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science 5(6), 557-561.
Shriver, J.A., Carter, S.D., Sutton, A.L., Richert, B.T., Senne, B.W., & Pettey, L.A. (2003). Effects of adding fiber sources to reduced-crude protein, amino acid-supplemented diets on nitrogen excretion, growth performance, and carcass traits of finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 81(2), 492-502.
Sklan, D., Smirnov, A., & Plavnik, I. (2003). The effect of dietary fibre on the small intestines and apparent digestion in the turkey. British Poultry Science 44(5), 735-740.
Uni, Z.E.H.A.V.A., Noy, Y.A.E.L., & Sklan, D.A.V.I.D. (1999). Posthatch development of small intestinal function in the poult. Poultry Science 78(2), 215-222.
